How long would slavery have lasted if the South won? In the meantime, the White or European race, has not degenerated. Watch this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, including the social hierarchy argument, the civilization argument, the economic argument, the racial argument, and the biblical argument. This entry includes 2 subentries: I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. The threat of an armed revolt alarmed Americans on both sides of the debate over slavery. You cannot download interactives. It also showed enslavers willingness to unite against the federal government when they believed it acted unjustly against their interests. This he did, convinced that the response he got was "sufficient proof that I have spoken to the heart of this community" (Palmer 1860, p. 2). A lot of Puritans are in the North as well, and they don't condone slavery as much and believe it a sin (manstealing). Form of Protestantism that was devised by Christian slaves in the Chesapeake and spread to the cotton South as a result of the domestic shave trade. yes, about 75% in 1860; they were mainly subsistence farmers who concentrated on corn and hogs did non-slaveowning southern whites support slavery? About the American Prison Newspapers Collection, Submissions: American Prison Newspapers Collection. It is odious to make comparison; but I appeal to all sides whether the South is not equal in virtue, intelligence, patriotism, courage, disinterestedness, and all the high qualities which adorn our nature. If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways. From the 1820s until the start of the U.S. Civil War, abolitionists called on the federal government to prohibit the ownership of people in the Southern states. They pushed for an immediate end to the enslavement of people. Stephen Austin 1830s. Disquisition on Government advanced a profoundly anti-democratic argument. what was the American Colonization Society? The Confederate version used the word slaves, unlike the U.S. Constitution. Large groups of slaves worked from sunrise to sunset under a white overseer. Gallagher, Gary W., and Alan T. Nolan, eds. Slavery as a Cause of the Civil War - National Park Service The Southern apologist were people from the southern parts of the united states who argued in favour of slavery. What was one goal of the American Colonization Society? Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. half were in the north and half were in the south, but many were in Louisiana. By 1838, the split between the two factions had grown so strong that there were in effect two Presbyterian churches in the United States. The master-slave relationship was frequently compared to a parent-child relationship. The popularity of tanning rose in the early twentieth century, when bronzed skin signaled a life of leisure, not labor. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Those who attended churches where the slaves of several families were active had a chance as well to meet others in their unique predicament; they could have relatively normal conversations without feeling constrained by the yoke they usually wore (Boles 1994, p. 55). . Calhoun then offered a moral defense of slavery by claiming it to be a more humane method of organizing labor than the conditions wage laborers faced in industrial cities in Europe and the northern United States. On the other hand, abolitionist arguments against slavery challenged proslavery apologists to push slave evangelization: If slavery was to be defended as a positive good, the slaves had to be converted to Christianity and master-slave relations had to be conducted along biblical lines. Abolitionist, writer, and speaker Members of the Southern clergy, who had their own feelings of devotion toward their home states, approved the notion that a well-intentioned South was being morally condemned by a self-righteous and arrogant North. Moderates believed that slavery should be phased out gradually, in order to ensure the economy of the Southern states would not collapse. What arguments does Fitzhugh use to promote slavery? A common explanation is that the Civil War was fought over the moral issue of slavery. After Emancipation, some Southern Protestants refused to revise their proslavery views. Farmer, James O., Jr. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1994. Founder of Texas. "The Slavery Apologists Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europelook at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, andcompare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poorhouse. Although most white Southerners did not own slaves, the majority supported the institution of slavery and benefited indirectly from the slave society. . They argued that inequality in society was inevitable. In the 1860 presidential election, voters chose Republican Party candidate Abraham Lincoln. They argued that the Industrial Revolution had brought about a new type of slaverywage slaveryand that this form of slavery was far worse than the slave labor used on southern plantations. "The South: Her Peril and Her Duty." Indeed, Virginians cited Garrison as the instigator of Nat Turners 1831 rebellion. Black female abolitionist. Fitzhugh argued that laissez-faire capitalism, as celebrated by Adam Smith, benefited only the quick-witted and intelligent, leaving the ignorant at a huge disadvantage. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. His answer: "[I]t is to conserve and perpetuate the institution of slavery as now existing" (Palmer 1860, p. 6). Richmond, VA: J. W. Randolph, 1856. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Even northern theologians agreed on the necessary subordination of women: Charles Hodge, who held an influential position at Princeton Theological Seminary, wrote We believe that the general good requires us to deprive the whole female sex of the right of self-government.. . Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. The push to abolish slavery in the United States proved more difficult because slavery was driven by domestic rather than colonial enterprises and was the social and economic base of the plantations of 11 Southern states. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. children who required constant supervision. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. By wars end, the Union had set up over 100 contraband camps in the South. Through the days leading up to the secession and during the war itself, Palmer and other preachers delivered the same message. Fitzhughs ideas exemplified southern notions of paternalism. Which statement best describes a major disadvantage to the extensive cotton production that took place in the Deep South? The second option, later known as the Anaconda Plan, recommended isolating the states in secession with a naval blockade. . His newspaper, The Liberator, lived up to its promise that it would not equivocate in its war against slavery. He would travel from early morning to late evening, and he was well received by the slaves. This belief arose primarily from the widespread conviction that slaves could not take care of themselves if left to their own devices. How Did Southerners Justify Secession? - Reference.com One article banned any Confederate state from making slavery illegal. where were the majority of the free blacks? Why did many yeoman farmers feel resentment toward rich planters, yet still support the institution of slavery? Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because. . Washington, D.C. Not confined to a single church, early antislavery sentiment was common among Mennonites, Quakers, Presbyterians, Baptists, Amish, and other practitioners of Protestant denominations. The seceding states made their motives clear in many ways. There were three main causes of the civil war including slavery, sectionalism and secession. Never before has the Black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually. The Methodist Church, which had been founded in part on antislavery principles, followed suit in 1844 with the formation of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (Boles 1994, pp. A key issue was states rights. Five years later the war ended and the ratification of the 13th Amendment formally ended slavery in December 1865. Wrote an autobiography "incidents in the life of a slave girl". Johnson, Thomas Cary. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Another ensured that slave owners could travel between Confederate states with their slaves. Unable to find cheap labor from other sources, white settlers increasingly turned to slaves imported from Africa. how did other states react to Virginia's 1831 and 1832 policies? Thirty-nine days after Lincoln's inauguration, the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, which marked the onset of the U.S. Civil War. From the early 1830s until the end of the Civil War in 1865, Garrison was the abolitionists' most dedicated campaigner. What Did The Confederate Constitution Say About Slavery? Palmer then swings back to a more practical argument: that the Northand the world beyondneeds to maintain the status quo in the South just as much as the South needs it: "[The] world has grown more and more dependent on [slavery] for sustenance and wealth the enriching commerce has been largely established upon the products of our soil: and the blooms upon southern fields gathered by black hands, have fed the spindles and looms of Manchester and Birmingham not less than of Lawrence and Lowell" (Palmer 1860, pp. Frustrated with decades of what they saw as attacks on their morality by the abolitionist movement, many Southerners dug in their heels and became increasingly suspicious of the North. Which description best describes the "gang" labor that many slaves performed on large plantations? document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); JSTOR Daily provides context for current events using scholarship found in JSTOR, a digital library of academic journals, books, and other material. Garrison was a close ally of Frederick Douglass, who escaped his enslavement and whose 1845 autobiography became a bestseller. Lincoln's famous "House Divided" speech of 1858 only. What does this image reveal about the methods of those who advocated polygenism? What hearty handshakings after the service. this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/12-3-wealth-and-culture-in-the-south, https://cnx.org/contents/NgBFhmUc@14.3:iQkwpaR_@8/6-25-%E2%9C%92%EF%B8%8F-John-C-Calhoun-Slavery-as-a-Positive-Good-1837#fs-idm205300544. The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. . What led to the outbreak of the bloodiest conflict in the history of North America? Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists. (Palmer 1860, p. 8). . Southerners provided enslaved persons with care from birth to death, he asserted; this offered a stark contrast to the wage slavery of the North, where workers were at the mercy of economic forces beyond their control. Image Source: Wikimedia.. continue reading The cover of the Saturday, April 23, 1831 edition of The Liberator, a Boston, Massachusetts, abolitionist newspaper. Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a positive good. He went further, making legal arguments about the Constitution protecting states rights to preserve slavery. He and his supporters were known, after all, as "black Republicans," a term purposefully designed to conjure an image of radical abolitionism. His newspaper, The Liberator, lived up to its promise that it would not equivocate in its war against slavery. His wife, however, had inherited several slaves. . US History Ch 11. Flashcards | Quizlet JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. The Presbyterian Church divided itself into two factionsthe "Old School" (which did not condemn slavery) in the South and the "New School" (staunchly antislavery) in the North. As abolitionism gathered strength, white Southerners repositioned themselves from an acceptance of slavery as a necessary evil to defending it as a positive good. The roots of the crisis over slavery that gripped the nation in 18601861 go back to the nations founding. what did the federal government do in 1835 about abolitionist material? I hold then, that there never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not, in point of fact, live on the labor of the other. Did the Confederacy have the right to secede? This belief illustrated the importance of the states rights argument to the southern states. Born February 1818? Sig= provided insight into the horrible life of a slave. Tolbert County, Maryland Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The Irony of Southern Religion. Why America's Battle Lines Matter | The New Republic In the North, the abolitionist cause was the driving force behind the message from religious institutions and theologians. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. a informal network of people that helped fugitive slaves make their way to the North, Most southern planters considered their slaves to be. While many members of the Southern clergy (some of whom were men of national distinction) privately had questions about slavery, many others did notand in fact saw slavery as sanctioned by the Bible. How does Calhoun go beyond the traditional legal defenses of slavery and attempt to convince the audience that slavery is, indeed, good for all involved? Why Did So Many Christians Support Slavery? | Christian History One of the clearest documents highlighting this and other important aspects of the complex relationship between slavery and religion is the sermon delivered by Benjamin Morgan Palmer. These denominations rapid expansion in the South, however, meant abandoning this position in recognition that upwardly mobile members increasingly included slaveholders. Justification for slavery came with this growth and found its parallels in the biblical subordination of women. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. did non-slaveowning southern whites support slavery? A video of the rapper Kanye West discussing slavery is a sad reminder of America's historical amnesia about the brutal realities of that institution. Home University Of South Dakota What Did The Confederate Constitution Say About Slavery? . In other words, Thornwell explains, slavery is simply part of the human condition that highlights human imperfections and that should make individuals work harder to tackle those imperfections. The senator from Illinois opposed slavery but was cautious about supporting the abolitionists. Its pages featured firsthand accounts of the horrors of slavery in the South and exposed, for many, the inhumane treatment of enslaved people on U.S. soil. Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes However, the date of retrieval is often important. Included Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana. There was a greater sense of community and better living conditions on plantations. Such preachers as Charles Colcock Jones (18041863) of Liberty County, Georgia, traveled from plantation house to plantation house to preach to the slave populations there. Many planters worked their land until it was exhausted. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. He would become an insufferable burden to society. The master occupies towards him the place of parent or guardian. Anthropologists find evidence of it in nearly every continent and culture dating back to ancient times and even the Neolithic period of human development. Hi there! What are the 3 main causes of the Civil War? Was the Conspiracy That Gripped New York in 1741 Real? Before, during, and after the United States Revolutionary War, several of the original 13 British colonies abolished slavery. The Life and Letters of Benjamin Morgan Palmer. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. what did white southern apologists believe? In what ways does Calhoun use legal arguments to defend the idea that Congress cannot interfere in the institution of slavery? For the last time, the American Civil War was not about states - Quartz What basic premise underlies his ideas? The tariff appeared to open the door for other federal initiatives, including the abolition of slavery. "The Difference in Race between Northern and Southern People." System that fed slaves to the Cotton South. The sermon, entitled "The South: Her Peril, and Her Duty" was delivered as part of a thanksgiving service on November 29, 1860 at the First Presbyterian Church of New Orleans, Louisiana, where Palmer was a minister. What Are 5 Warning Signs That A Tornado May Occur? In their minds, slavery had been divinely sanctioned. The seven states of the Deep South seceded before Lincoln took office. In what way did the Confederate Constitution differ from the United States Constitution quizlet? White southerners became more committed to quashing antislavery ideas. . If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Harriet Tubman was like Douglass, she too had escapedenslavement and became a prominent abolitionist. For nearly a century, the people and politicians of the Northern and Southern states had been clashing over the issues that finally led to war: economic interests, cultural values, the power of the federal government to control the states, and, most importantly, slavery in American society. "Remember the Alamo". Slavery is the unconditional servitude of one individual to another. Abolition and the Abolitionists - National Geographic Society . The enthusiasm with which slaves embraced Christianity was in part a result of their desire to find a faith that they could embrace in a new landand that would embrace them. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. . Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. Slaves worked at their own pace with little supervision during an eight-hour day. When the Second Presbyterian Church of Charleston opened in 1850 to serve the slave and free black community, James Henley Thornwell delivered the dedication sermon to a crowd of both white and black congregantsa sermon that underscores how the average Southern preacher saw how slavery and religious values could coexist: The slave has rights, all the rights which belong essentially to humanity, and without which his nature could not be human or his conduct susceptible of praise or blame. The practice of slavery is one of humankind's most deeply rooted institutions. The journeys of Yancey and Slidell show how hard it is to divide the United States simply into North and South, slave and free. Recent post: Who Is The Catholic Bishop Of South Dakota? 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Rather, they note that the master-slave relationship has existed since the beginning of humanityand, that as long as masters understand their obligation to slaves (including the provision of spiritual sustenance), the system is overall an acceptable one. 1830s. At the other end of the abolitionist spectrum and in between stood such men and women as Theodore Weld, James Gillespie Birney, Gerrit Smith, Theodore Parker, Julia Ward Howe, Lewis Tappan, Salmon P. Chase, and Lydia Maria Child, all of whom represented a variety of stances, all more conciliatory than Garrisons. 1830s. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations?, Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves?, Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they and more. Figure 2. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists, "The Slavery Apologists When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. mandated by the United States Constitution. I appeal to facts. Moreover, in addition to their sincerity of faith, the slaves valued religion because it gave them an opportunity to communicate with their fellow slaves in a more relaxed and natural way. . JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. // On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. More important, from the point of view of the congregants, both black and white, is the message sent from Southern pulpits that protection was the watchword. Have a correction or comment about this article? Get your fix of JSTOR Dailys best stories in your inbox each Thursday. What were the 4 main causes of the Civil War? Curiously, despite their status as personal property rather than as individuals, slaves were welcomed and even encouraged to attend church services. Published in 1994 Abolitionist Movement - Definition & Famous Abolitionists - History New York: Macmillan, 1987. . On the more extreme side were figures like John Brown, who believed an armed rebellion of enslaved people in the South was the quickest route to end human bondage in the United States. Economists and business leaders did this by pointing out that the agricultural South needed the labor provided by slaves. One of the most prominent Southern Presbyterian preachers of the time, James Henley Thornwell (18121862), pointedly referred to the conflict at hand as being "not merely [between] abolitionists and slaveholdersthey are atheists, socialists, communists, red republicans, jacobins [the radical party in the French Revolution, responsible for the Reign of Terror of 17931794] on the one side, and the friends of order and regulated freedom on the other" (Farmer 1999, p. 11). Who was the most influential spokesman for the common school movement? Stout, Harry S. Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. How Antebellum Christians Justified Slavery. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. In 1874, for instance, the Southern Methodists General Convention reaffirmed their attitudes and actions in the antebellum period, historian Elizabeth L. Jemison writes in her exploration of proslavery Christianity after Emancipation. They argued that enslaved people had good living conditions. Members of this group fully supported slavery. By the beginning of the Civil War, many Southerners saw themselves as morally superior to Northerners; after all, they had never tried to force their way of life onto the North. The Slavery Apologists | Encyclopedia.com Encyclopedia.com. 1830s President of Mexico. Slaveholders were told that they must protect the system of slavery, and doing so would protect their financial interests. Canaan, Ham's son, was made a slave to his brothers . Abolitionists were a divided group. Wilson, Charles Reagan. in the 1820s, did the south or the north have more antislavery societies? "The particular trust assigned to such a people becomes the pledge of the divine protection, and their fidelity to it determines the fate by which it is finally overtaken." Jolted by the assault, the South became convinced that its entire way of life would be irretrievably threatened by the election to the presidency of Abraham Lincoln (November 1860), who was opposed to the spread of slavery into the Western territories. If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways. Abolition did poorly at the polls. when did white southern abolitionism begin to fade? Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they, they wanted to be slaveholders themselves. American abolitionism laboured under the handicap that it threatened the harmony of North and South in the Union, and it also ran counter to the U.S. Constitution, which left the question of slavery to the individual states. were plantation owners directly involved with the slaves? Religion and Slavery | Encyclopedia.com (Palmer 1860, p. 8). In it, the idea is presented that a country could change governments when the one in power was no longer right for the people. Such other denominations as the Lutherans, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics were affected by the slavery issue, although they did not have any formal separations until after the secession began (Hudson 1987, p. 193).
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