This practice could lead to soil water depletion. 2009BADA4B03), by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (Project No. Acta Hortic. Yao, S. Past, present, and future of jujubesChinese dates in the United States. Plant Cell Tiss. Anal.39, 230234 (2019). (4) The low-level processing techniques that imitate those used for other fruits and focus on solving the overproduction problem do not meet the requirements of postharvest value addition and demands for diversified, advanced, and internationalized new products. It seems that you can pretty much . Fruit. To date, cultivation technology systems have been established for the leading cultivars in their main growing areas with their own characteristics. Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system. Later, another jujube genome and the chloroplast genome sequencing of four Ziziphus species were published15,16. After entering the 21st century, great progress has been made in polyploidy and cross-breeding in jujube. & Shan, G. The Chinese Jujube (Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 2010). More farmers in China now graft or bud onto seedling rootstocks. Agrofor Syst 31:181198, Schroth G, Poidy N, Morshauser T, Zech W (1995) Effects of different methods of soil tillage and biomass application on crop yields and soil properties in agroforestry with high tree competition. should not be planted in the shade of other trees Soils: Jujubes tolerate many types of soils, but prefer a sandy, well-drained soils and do less well in heavy, poorly drained soil. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Li, M. & Qian, J. J. The process of in vivio induction of homogeneous polyploids via calluses in jujube. Acta Hortic. Growth model and visualization of a virtual jujube tree Jujube is difficult to keep fresh. A field study was conducted at Hetian oasis, southern Xinjiang, northwestern China, to investigate root distribution and morphology affected by interspecific interactions between jujube trees (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Plant Cell Tiss. Google Scholar. Shi, Y. et al. Wang, X., Shao, J., Zhang, X., Peng, S. & Wang, Y. Acta Hortic.853, 163170 (2010). Agrofor Syst 37:91109, Young A (1997) Agroforestry for soil management. Based on a systematic study of the historical taxonomic literature, Liu et al. Farm Prod. Both the seeds and fruit have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to improve sleep quality, support the nervous system, and encourage healthy digestion. Bi, J., Yu, J., Bai, S., Wang, P. & Ding, Y. . Bu, J., Zhao, J. In 4th International Jujube Symposium, XXX International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey (International Horticultural Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 2018) (in press). Plant Physiol.224-225, 110 (2018). Sci. Sci. Stnic, F., Dicianu, D. E. & Butcaru, A. C. Jujube fruits behaviour at controlled atmosphere storage. Given the limitations of traditional selection breeding for obtaining breakthrough cultivars and the extreme difficulty of cross-breeding in jujube, polyploid breeding seems to be a promising prospect. The jujube tree is a well-known example of one such species. Benefiting from late bud sprouting (~20 days later than peach), late flowering (June in North China) and a 2-month flowering period, jujube avoids late frosts and biennial bearing. Wang, Y. Wang, L. et al. To date, a total of ~930 jujube genotypes have been preserved, accounting for at least 90% of the total jujube genotypes in the world. There are two parts necessary for grafting: the rootstock, used for the root system; and the scion, the chosen cultivar or variety. However, in addition to the storage conditions, the duration of fresh jujube storage and the percentage of fruit losses are also influenced by the preharvest cultivation technology and directly by the pathogen load on the fruit in the orchard14,100,113,127,128. (5) Macroscopic research on jujube is still quite weak, and the existing studies in nontraditional fields such as ecological and cultural studies and the integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries are insufficient. Softwood grafting in early spring also gave success of 90%. Here, we took China as an example to briefly introduce the historical evolution and major achievements in jujube production and scientific research over the past 3000 years. in Chinese Dates a Traditional Functional Food (eds Liu, D., Ye, X. Dried Chinese Jujubes (Standards Press of China, 2009). Du, X., Li, D., Wang, Y., Sui, C. & Fan, B. Starting with a superhigh density (0.5m1.0m), the density is gradually decreased to 1.01.5m4.0m. This new model obtains good yields (58t/ha) in the year of grafting (Fig. The classification system for the Ziziphus genus was proposed based on field investigations, textual research on specimens and historical documents65. Acta Hortic. The first is China Fruit Tree Records-Jujube, mentioned above. The problem of hybrids not being obtained due to heavy early embryo abortion was solved by embryo rescue based on the understanding of the mechanism of embryo abortion and the factors affecting very young embryo culture. A novel method for rapid in vivo induction of homogeneous polyploids via calluses in a woody fruit tree (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Jujube is a tree that produces a date-like fruit. Resour.11, 811816 (2010). In the past 30 years, a total of ~200 new cultivars with large fruit, good fruit quality, high resistance to diseases, and varying uses and maturity times were released through polyploid breeding or selection from seedlings, bud mutants, and local germplasms2. The older the jujube the more developed were the jujube roots so that the smaller the SRL of jujube the bigger the RLD and RD of jujube. J. & Wang, Y. Chinese Fruit Trees Record-Chinese Jujube (China Forestry Publishing House, 1993). Consumers like fruits that are delicious and nutritious and that appeal to appearance and status. These dominant cultivars have replaced the traditional cultivars, which has greatly improved the cultivar structure in China. (4) Year-round fresh fruit supply: integrating the selection of cultivars with different maturation times, half-red harvesting, shelf life preservation, long-distance cold transportation, and long-term storage techniques such as controlled freezing-point storage, as well as protected cultivation, for advancing or delaying ripening and preventing fruit cracking. Dongzao). Dried jujube (the main form) can be stored for more than 1 year at room temperature with proper insect control and for 23 years at 4C. For . Rep.8, 15612 (2018). Process.8, 4547 (2014). Back to albums list. (5) Environmentally friendly and high-efficiency pest management integrating physical, agricultural, and biological approaches: minimizing the use of chemical pesticides and reducing chemical residues; promoting labor-saving and low-cost pest and disease control systems; and ensuring high yields, high fruit quality, and food safety. Method 2: A self-fruitless or self-sterile variety is chosen as the female parent, and a variety with high pollen viability and compatibility is chosen as the male parent. J. Polym. Liang, C., Zhao, J. (2) The modern and highly efficient breeding system is still not fully established, and it is difficult to meet the demands of accelerated cultivar development. Another germplasm repository funded by the State Forestry and Grassland Bureau of China was constructed in Cangxian, Hebei Province, where ~640 germplasm accessions, including some excellent variants of the local leading cultivars, such as Jinsixiaozao, Wuhezao, and Dongzao, are maintained. Asian J. Chem.23, 39893992 (2011). Peng, Y. Agric Res Arid Areas 30:230236, Livesley SJ, Gregory PJ, Buresh RJ (2000) Competition in tree-row agroforestry systems. The modern jujube industry development period (1949present). ) in a Paulownia and wheat intercropping system. Liu, M. et al. This period has not yet ended, and there is still a long way to go before establishing a modern technology system for jujube. Liu, X., Chen, L., Wang, J., Li, L. & Peng, J. J. Tarim. Liu, P. et al. The same depth should be used to plant bare-root trees as in the nursery row (or no more than 1-inch below). Jujube Tree Roots Dongzao. Competition for nitrogen and litter decomposition dynamics. Agrofor Syst 40:215225, Chirko CP, Gold MA, Nguyen PV, Jiang JP (1996) Influence of direction and distance from trees on wheat yield and photosynthetic photon flux density (Q Acta Hortic.390, 161165 (1995). Preliminary study on in vitro culture of shoot segment in Chinese jujube. ), or Chinese date, is the most important species of Rhamnaceae, a large cosmopolitan family, and is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world. Agrofor Syst 11:243258, Rao MR, Sharma MM, Ong CK (1991) A tree-crop interface design and its use for evaluating the potential of hedge row intercropping. Because jujubes demand high light intensities for good output, they should be spaced 10 to 15 feet apart. Most species belong to Sect. Tree Genet. Given the demands of the new era, the development tendencies of the modern fruit industry and the new technologies available, jujube research in China is facing a series of important challenges. Estimation of Evapotranspiration of a Jujube/Cotton Intercropping Research methods should involve more new approaches, such as modern information technology and multiomics techniques. It would take some serious pruning to keep the tree at a small size and to keep the root system managed. Agric. Beijing Forestry University, Beijing (2016). Sci.32, 12531257 (2015). M.L., J.W., L.W., S.Y., and F.S. Yan, X., Wang, W., Liu, M., & Zhao, Z. Agric Water Manag 87:6172, Rao MR, Sharma MM, Ong CK (1990) A study of the potential of hedge row intercropping in semi-arid India using a two-way systematic design. Zhang, X. Metabolomic Approaches Reveal the Physiological Mechanism of China Cointree as Jujubes Stock in Resistance to Jujube Witches Broom. 387 (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016). Google Scholar. Effects of different treatments on storage quality of Dongzao jujube fruits during shelf-life period. The root system is the main organ of water uptake for the plant. However, high-efficiency, low-cost practical management systems for fruit cracking and fruit shrinking disease have not been developed; these conditions have a great influence on jujube yield and quality. What is the best way to plant a jujube tree? Study on the Processing Technology of Red Jujube Fermented Wine. Sci. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 73158, Raddad EY, Luukkanen O (2007) The influence of different Acacia senegal agroforestry systems on soil water and crop yields in clay soils of the Blue Nile region, Sudan. and Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng were also proposed to consider them as two independent species67. Nat. Only approximately ten of them cause severe yield and quality losses, such as peach fruit moth, jujube inchworm, Ancylis sativa Liu, Tetranychus viennensis Zacher, jujube rust, jujube witches broom, and fruit cracking. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00346-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00346-5. Genome-wide screening of SSR markers and reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis. and wild jujube. Jujube fruit also has very positive meanings in Chinese culture, such as a sweet life, a flourishing business, fertility, harmony, and happiness. The novel field technique for homogeneous polyploidy induction has been successfully applied in sour jujube78 and in elm (data not shown). Research is lagging and does not match the demand from industry in some countries. & Liu, M. Genetic diversity and structure of 255 cultivars of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. The joint map across the 12 linkage groups (the same as the basic chromosome number in jujube) spanned 1020.22cM, with a mean marker distance of 0.32cM. & Liu, G. Phylogenetic analysis of 25 plant species representing 19 angiosperm families and one gymnosperm family based on 390 orthologous genes. as rootstock can also play a role in the prevention of witches broom in jujube in southern China97. After entering the 21st century, in the desert of southern Xinjiang Province, China, a novel cultivation model for high early yields and high fruit quality was established. of 0-100 cm jujube trees. BMC Plant Biol.19, 189 (2019). The assembly (437.6Mb) covered 98.6% of the estimated jujube genome (444Mb), and 32,808 protein-coding genes were predicted (http://jujube.genomics.cn/page/species/index.jsp). Fruit. It has unique branch and bud characteristics, i.e., usually only the primary shoots can extend, the dormant buds have a very long life, the secondary shoots die back naturally each, the mother-bearing shoots can only extend by ~1mm per year, and the bearing shoots fall off in the fall. The temperature in this period is better between 18 ~ 25 . under a variety of conditions. Agrofor Syst 48:6177, Jose S, Gillespie AR, Pallardy SG (2004) Interspecific interactions in temperate agroforestry. A set of new propagation approaches has been developed on the basis of traditional sucker division. Hortic.244, 372378 (2019). China is the country with the longest history of jujube cultivation. & Huang, J. Jour. In August 2010 (the jujube tree fruit setting period), shovels were used to excavate one trench for each age of stand, measuring 6 m length (three . J. Since the 1980s, various cultivation techniques focusing on high yield were developed for the leading cultivars and main production areas, which increased production by over 50%, increased the high-quality fruit rate by over 30%, and reduced pesticide use by over 50%102,103. Nat. Sin.46, 49684976 (2013). Part of Springer Nature. J. The flesh is as sweet as honey and as crisp as an apple or pear. Agrofor Syst 55:125137, Garca-Barrios L, Ong CK (2004) Ecological interactions in simultaneous agroforestry systems in the tropics: management lessons. This evidence showed that the traditional jujube cultivation technology system had been established at 1500 YA, and many of these processes have been used continually until the present. I planted a Contorted Jujube tree in the upper tier of a dry stacked natural stone raised bed about 2 weeks ago. Yan, C. et al. Jujube Gardening For Beginners - How To Start | Gardening Tips and ZjCNGC2 mediated signalling cascades in response to cold stress. The small yellow flowers are followed by dark brown, round to oblong fruits the size of small plums. Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry J. Agric. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Jujube (cv. Chen, Z., Wang, R., Qi, S., Wang, C. & Yan, H. Preliminary studies on the storage of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill) in fresh state II. 31121062). Genomes12, 110 (2016). & Liu, M. Expression stabilities of candidate reference genes for RT-qPCR in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) In addition, 11 jujube cultivars were recorded in Erya, a book written 2600 years ago. Bare root trees should be planted the same depth as in the nursery row (or no more than 1-inch below). drew the figure of the different organ morphologies of Chinese jujube. Zhang, L. et al. BMC Genom.20, 568 (2019). The major requirements to meet farmers needs are reducing inputs, increasing output and accelerating economic returns. & Liu, M. Simultaneous determination of four water-soluble vitamins in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) The biological characteristics of jujube are basically understood1. Silvae Sin. Liu, M. & Cheng, C. A taxonomy study on the genus Ziziphus. The roots of both intercropped wheat and jujube had less root length density (RLD) at all soil depths than those of sole wheat and jujube trees. Stnic, F. Twenty years of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) A revolutionary novel cultivar could simultaneously satisfy the diverse demands of farmers, processers, marketers, and consumers. Evaluation of five natural variants materials from ziziphus jujuba Mill. Acquirement of endosperm triploid and its biology and cytology 1978-1984. and JavaScript.
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