Bruce Johnson is an A-level psychology teacher, and head of the sixth form at Caterham High School. Very important to note genetics are only partly responsible, otherwise identical twins would have 100% concordance rates. B: behavior how do you react in these situations ? Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. Of these, only 1 study showed improvement in symptoms and behavioural change in patients. Kazdin et al. A final weakness of the dopamine hypothesis is that it is biologically deterministic. Comorbidity describes people who suffer from two or more mental disorders. Therapists may use logical (does it make sense? 3x sold. [8 marks] The fact that jack could never talk to his mum shows a symptom of schizophrenia, that fact that he displays lack of speech. They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. Family dysfunction - the double-bind theory Bateson et al. (2007) three genes: COMT, DRD4, AKT1 have all been associated with excess dopamine in specific D2 receptors, leading to acute episodes, positive symptoms which include delusions, hallucinations, strange attitudes. The understanding and treatment of schizophrenia have been greatly hampered by uncertainty about etiological factors and controversy about diagnostic boundaries. It is more likely Although this study showed that children with a biological parent were still at greater risk even if they had been adopted into families with no history of schizophrenia, all reported cases of schizophrenia occurred in families rated as disturbed. Example Answers for Schizophrenia: A Level Psychology, Paper 3, June 2019 (AQA) Exam Support. When the families were rated as healthy, the likelihood of developing schizophrenia for those with a biological mother with schizophrenia fell to below 1%. Classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers. 214 High Street, A study by Anderson et al. Older antipsychotics like haloperidol or chlorpromazine may produce side effects The basic assumption of CBT is that people often have distorted beliefs which influence their behaviour in maladaptive ways. The descriptions follow the same criteria; however you have to use the issues and debates effectively in your answers. Weak evidence for family based explanations, there is no evidence that supports the importance of double bind theory. People with schizophrenia often suffer terrifying symptoms such as hearing internal voices not heard by others, or believing that other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. System overlap refers to the way that disorders have shared symptoms. Hickling (1999) the stress of urban living made African-Carribean immigrants in Britain 8 to 10 times more likely to experience schizophrenia. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. The severity of the side-effects is a weakness as patients will be reluctant to take them, or may even die as a result of the effect. Jack's experiences can be linked to the family dysfunction explanation. (1972) described how a child may be regularly trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing, but receive mixed messages about what counts as wrong. Those who do not have the schizogene would not develop schizophrenia, even if they experienced a chronically stressful upbringing. There are two components: 1. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Help the patient realise it is normal to have negative thoughts in certain situations. Avolition: Lack of volition (i.e. Thought disorder in which there are breaks in the train of thought and the person appears to make illogical jumps from one topic to another (loose association). The validity of schizophrenia as a single disorder is questioned by many. Work out ways to recognise negative thoughts and test faulty beliefs when they arise, and then challenge and re-think them. CBT may involve challenging the validity of beliefs, which may interfere with freedom of thought. Desirable behavior includes self-care, taking medication, work skills, and treatment participation. Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. These include reduced levels of emotional expression, disorganised speech and delusions. This suggests that there is a problem of the chicken and egg scenario in relation to expressed emotion causing schizophrenia. Family Therapy aims to reduce levels of expressed emotion, and reduced the likelihood of relapse. They cannot express their feelings about the unfairness of the situation. This means that the brains of schizophrenics are lighter than normal. Lengthy It takes months compared to drug therapy that takes weeks which leads to disengaged treatment as they dont see immediate effects A patient who is very distressed and perhaps suicidal may benefit better in the short term from antipsychotics. Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education. Social behavior depends, in part, on using other peoples actions as clues for understanding what they might be thinking. BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester. Response. Kahn et al. Laing and others rejected the medical / biological explanation of mental disorders. The therapist needs to accept that the illusions may seem real to the patient at the time and should be dealt with accordingly. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Biological explanations for schizophrenia can be criticised for being biologically reductionist. The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). Brown and Birley (1968) 50% people who had an acute schizophrenic episode had experienced a major life event in 3 weeks prior. The focus of a token economy is on shaping and positively reinforcing desired behaviors and NOT on punishing undesirable behaviors. CBT is rarely used without drug therapy, suggesting it is not enough on its own to treat schizophrenia. One of the most important cognitive theories of schizophrenia is attention deficit theory. Supporting evidence for the brain structure explanation comes from further empirical support from Suddath et al. To teach patients and carers more effective stress management techniques. Pederson and Mortensen (Denmark 2001) found Scandanavian villages have very LOW levels of psychosis, but 15 years of living in a city increased risk. However, the fact that these people were on medication and having regular meetings with doctors would be expected to have that effect anyway. Research by Miyakawa et al. Preconscious thought (thought that occurs without awareness) contains a huge amount of information from our senses that would normally be filtered. Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia. Schizophrenia seems to be polygenic, as a number of genes have been implicated. Lobban (2013) reports that other family members felt they were able to cope better thanks to family therapy. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved, Section 1 Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Section 2 Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 3 Psychological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 4 Drug Therapy typical and atypical antipsychotics, Section 5 Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia, Effective use of terminology (use the technical terms). Check out Adapt the A-level & GCSE revision timetable app. ABC: Get the patients to understand what is really happening in their life: A: Antecedent what is triggering your problem ? 806 8067 22 For example hallucinations are a symptom of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Gottesman (1991) found that MZ twins have a 48% risk of getting schizophrenia whereas DZ twins have a 17% risk rate. Negative symptoms are a diminution or loss of normal functions such as psychomotor disturbances, avolition (the reduction of goal-directed behavior), disturbances of mood and thought disorders. Their get up and go has got up and gone! an excess or distortion of normal functions: including hallucinations and They act as dopamine antagonists, attempting to reduce dopamine activity. (1990). Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Individual differences EE is associated with relapse but not all patients who live in high EE families relapse and not all patients in low EE families avoid relapse Family dysfunction is an incomplete explanation for schizophrenia. Sometimes when people with schizophrenia become depressed, so it is common to prescribe anti-depressants at the same time as the anti-psychotics. [4 marks], Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. For example, schizophrenia and depression are often found together. They arrest dopamine production by blocking the D2 receptors in synapses that absorb dopamine, in the mesolimbic pathway thus reducing positive symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction. The NICE review of family therapy studies demonstrated that it was associated with significant cost savings when offered to patients alongside the standard care Relapse rates are also lower which suggests the savings could be even higher. Refer to evidence in youranswer. tutor2u's AQA Knowledge Books are designed to help students recap and revise the essential specification knowledge by providing retrieval activities and exam skills development - View resources New for 2023 | Online CPD Courses for AQA A-Level Psychology Teachers CPD (Online) Pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction: review article Andrey Biff Sarris 1 , Maki Caroline Nakamura 1 Luiz Gustavo Rachid Fernandes 1 , You MUST revise everything because the exam board could choose any question, however, it does make sense to spend more time on those topics which have not appeared for a while. The researchers concluded that this is more important in maintaining schizophrenia than in causing it in the first place, (Brown et al 1958). Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found . Participants in Group A were a volunteer sample of people from a self-help group for people with schizophrenia. Other side effects are potentially fatal, for example agranulocytosis and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). However, Thornley et al carried out a meta-analysis comparing the effects of Chlorpromazine to placebo conditions and found Chlorpromazine to be associated with better overall functioning Drug therapy is an effective treatment for SZ. Family therapy for families of adolescents or young adults who have developed schizophrenia tends currently to emphasize psychoeducation (guidance about schizophrenia and its treatment) and aims at enhancing recovery rather than the discovery of pathogenic patterns of child-rearing (McFarlane 2016 ). VAT reg no 816865400. [4 marks], - Atypical and typical antipsychotics are equally effective against positive symptoms with more than half of patients responding well, Apart from effectiveness, briefly explain one limitation of drug therapy for schizophrenia. Background: Social dysfunction is an important outcome for schizophrenia and can be measured by the evaluation of social skills. Researchers estimate up to 1 percent of adults worldwide have schizophrenia.. What . Here are a series of suggested answers for the Schizophrenia topic questions in AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 (Section B) in June 2018. Token economies are only likely to work in a clinical setting, where patients can be constantly monitored and the system of rewards is closely controlled. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Keywords: psychosocial dysfunction, family burden, schizophrenia, OCD. Schizophrenia Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change The patients with the most severe symptoms are unable to access the tokens, as they are unable to perform the desirable behaviours. Boston Spa, Given that a much lower number of genes exist than anticipated, it is now recognised that genes have multiple functions and that many genes behavior. These machines take accurate readings of brain regions such as the frontal and pre-frontal cortex, the basil ganglia, the hippocampus and the amygdale. This suggests that the biological account cannot give a full explanation of the disorder. The Interactionist approach acknowledges that there are a range of factors (including biological and psychological) which are involved in the development of schizophrenia. These symptoms may leave them fearful and withdrawn. Voices are usually heard coming from outside the persons head giving instructions on how to behave. Found that changes in behavior achieved through token economies do not remain when tokens are withdrawn, suggesting that such treatments address effects of schizophrenia rather than causes. Research evidence from autopsies has shown that schizophrenia sufferers have more dopamine receptors, which may lead to more neural firing and therefore an over production of messages. Double bind is based on clinical observation the patients and early evidence involved assessing the personality of the mothers for 'crazy-making' characterists. This suggests that there may be problems of demand characteristics. A second strength of the research into expressed emotion (EE) is that it has practical applications. They are a form of behavioral therapy where desirable behaviors are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement and is based on operant conditioning. Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. Research in Hampshire, by Kingdon and Kirschen (2006) found that CBT is not suitable for all patients, especially those who are too thought disorientated or agitated, who refuse medication, or who are too paranoid to form trusting alliances with practitioners. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Reliability is the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures; stability of diagnosis over time given no change in symptoms. In a follow up study they rejected genuine patients whom they assumed were part of the deception. Evidence to support the genetic explanation comes from Gottesman and Shields, who found a concordance rate of 42% for MZ and 9% for DZ. However, group Bs scores suggest a positively skewed distribution as the mean (26) is higher than both the median (22.5) and the mode (16). Read the model answers to get a clearer idea of what is needed. Token economies aim to manage schizophrenia rather than treat it. The differences were so large the schizophrenic twins could be easily identified from the brain images in 12 out of 15 pairs. Small doses given to people already suffering from schizophrenia tend to worsen their symptoms. The schizophrenic twin generally had more enlarged ventricles and a reduced anterior hypothalamus. In other words, it doesnt cure schizophrenia, it just helps people get over it. Visual - Evaluation of neural correlates for schizophrenia 4. Schizophrenia is a severe type of mental illness that affects a person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. Problems of validity: Are we really testing what we think we are testing? Ventricles are fluid filled cavities (i.e. The stress-trigger could be environmental __or biological (for example, smoking cannabis is linked with schizophrenia). Even after stopping the use of the drug, this condition can persist. Therefore, CBT has potential ethical issues. Carrying on a logical discussion till the patient begins to see where their ideas are going wrong and why they developed. Most importantly, families can make the schizophrenic feel loved, accepted and valued. Example Answers for Section C Schizophrenia Topic Paper 3 June 2018 (AQA) . Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. The harmful effects on the child may go completely unacknowledged or be minimized. They found that schizophrenics reported a higher recall of double bind statements by their mothers than non-schizophrenics. 214 High Street, Participants in Group B, the control group, were a volunteer sample of people who attended a community centre. As this is not the case family dysfunctions cannot be the sole cause ofthe illness. It is very difficult to separate out the influence of nature-v-nurture. For example, an excess of dopamine receptors in Brocas area might be responsible for poverty of speech and auditory hallucinations. 2. Laing believed that schizophrenia was a result of the interactions between people, especially in families. Scheff (1966) points out that diagnosis classification labels the individual, and this can have many adverse effects, such as a self-fulfilling prophecy (patients may begin to act how they are expected to act), and lower self-esteem. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. Many people who experience feelings of persecution have a general tendency to assume that other people cause the things that go wrong with their lives. (2005) tested the reliability of the ICD-10 classification system in diagnosing schizophrenia. Upper and Newton (1971) found that the weight gain associated with taking antipsychotics was addressed with token economy regimes. Note: you may come across the terms DSM-IV and ICD-10. West Yorkshire, Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. Melzer (2012) concluded that Clozapine is effective in 30-50% of cases where other drugs have failed, supporting its use in schizophrenia treatment. Al (2011) suggest many aspects of urban living ranging from life stressors to the use of drugs, can have an effect on human epigenetics. Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. Metaanalysis by Crossley Et Al (2010) suggested that Atypical antipsychotics are no more effective, but do have less side effects. This suggests that the cognitive approach is oversimplistic when consider the explanation of schizophrenia. However, biological factors must have had a role to play as none of the adoptees with no family history of schizophrenia from disturbed families developed schizophrenia, Boston House, First, the adoptees study method, the index offspring of adopting-away schizo They generally have fewer side effects eg. this should enable a less biased/more varied/more representative sample OR this would allow the results to be generalised more widely, Wars of the Roses 6 - Henry VII 1485-1509. This is not the case with schizophrenia: The causes may be one of biological or psychological or both. These may be risk factors for the development and maintenance of schizophrenia. Recovery may be due to psychological factors The placebo effect is when patients symptoms are reduced because they believe that it should. Neural correlates are patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia. A hundred Danish patients with a history of psychosis were assessed using operational criteria, and a concordance rate of 98% was obtained. Vasos (2012) Found the risk of schizophrenia was 2.37 times greater in cities than it was in the countryside, probably due to stress levels. Clozapine acts in a similar way to Chlorpromazine, but also acts on serotonin and glutamate receptors. Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol. Meehl suggested that the vulnerability is genetic (the result of a schizogene), causing a sensitive personality. b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. Substance abuse: Amphetamine and Cannabis and other drugs have also been identified as triggers as they affect serotonin and glutamate levels. A strength of the cognitive explanation is that it has practical applications. There is evidence that people diagnosed as schizophrenic have difficulties in processing various types of information, for example visual and auditory information. Combining treatments is most common in the UK, although it is also sometimes used in the USA. The reason for this is because if the individual does have excessive amounts of dopamine then does it really mean that thy ey will develop schizophrenia? In London the rate remained at 20%, suggesting neither group had a valid definition of schizophrenia. This suggests that the research into gene mapping is oversimplistic as schizophrenia is not due to a single gene. VAT reg no 816865400. Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. There is a lack of understanding and explanation of how the diathesis-stress model works- it is known that both have to be present to lead to schizophrenia, but not how the mechanisms of schizophrenia symptoms develop. Faris and Dunham (1939) found clear pattern of correlation between inner city environments and levels of psychosis. More recent versions have included hypodopaminergia, where low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex are believed to be responsible for some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. A. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. In order to explain schizophrenia effectively it would be better to take an interactionist approach, such as the diathesis stress model. In application questions, examiners look for effective application to the scenario which means that you need to describe the theory and explain the scenario using the theory making the links between the two very clear. (1991) found a relapse rate of almost 40% when patients had drugs only, compared to only 20 % when Family Therapy or Social Skills training were used and the relapse rate was less than 5% when both were used together with the medication. Cognitive biases refer to selective attention. They are also encouraged to evaluate the content of their delusions or of any internal voices they hear and to consider ways in which they might test the validity of their faulty beliefs. She has been taking a typical antipsychotic drug and there have been improvements in her positive symptoms. mugshots recent berkeley county arrests, litany for the souls in purgatory, air france seat selection not available,
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