Trees and poles may shake. The most important thing to remember is the fact that in the Richter scale, wave amplitudes are taken into account. (1997) Equations for estimating horizontal response spectra and peak acceleration from western North American earthquakes: a summary of recent work. As the same time, on the 4th December 1930, an earthquake with a Mw of 7.3 was also recorded at Toungoo, central Myanmar, with ground shaking intensities in the range of VIIIX. and damage. Tremor Troop Earthquakes, Federal Emergency Management Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. It may be helpful to put the scale up on the board and read it aloud with the students. Damage nearly total. What Should I Do Before, During, and After an Earthquake? Trifunac, M.D. Both of these were generated by the Sagiang Fault Zone with reported MMIs of up to IX and spread out far away from the source into Thailand (Figure 1). Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their foundations. Check out the antipode calculator to learn more! Total damage. or greater, or the earthquake generated a tsunami. Earthquakes in the Midwestern and Eastern United States?! Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors, but may not be recognized as an earthquake. Earth, Planets and Space, 61, 1313-1325. Waves seen on ground. Moment Magnitude Explained: What Happened to the Richter Scale? Jefferson City, MO: "Hotel residents complained of a sound like 'a truck crashing into the building. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS), DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, stream AAA and DDD are calculated thanks to complex mathematical models predicted by seismograms. (Grade Natural Science Vol.4No.8A(2012), Article ID:21664,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2012.428082, Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar, Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Pailoplee.S@gmail.com, Received 27 June 2012; revised 25 July 2012; accepted 11 August 2012, Keywords: Isoseismal Map; Modified Mercalli Intensity; Peak Ground Acceleration; Myanmar. ", 2. Crawl under a sturdy table/desk if nearby. Springfield, IL: "Most of the hotel guests were abruptly awoken by a strong tremor last night", 25. Quality, Department WebThe most widely used scale is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI scale). And that's it! The magnitudes required in equation (1) and the earthquake locations for measuring the source-to-site-distances are those cited in previous reports and are detailed in Table 1. Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. These data are necessary for earthquake hazard assessments and mitigation efforts. Do you know that the shockwave originated from the detonation of the Tsar Bomba circled the world three times, touching at the antipodal point of the explosion and "bouncing" back? Relationship between the PGA (cm/s2) and the MMI scale. The violence of seismic shaking varies considerably over a single affected area. Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. Are there any suggestions for improvement? We can use scales, rubrics, points, letter and numbers to show the level of something. the USGA can use the Mercalli Scale of Intensity to map out ground Significant damage was reported to tracks at the new railroad yard. Springfield, MO: "Doors and windows rattled, but no damage reported.". Thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. Isoseismal maps of the ten earthquakes reported in Myanmar and neighboring areas during 1912-2006 AD. II. We find out that a magnitude of 7.1 is 20 times bigger (on a seismogram, in terms of amplitudes) and ~89 times stronger (in terms of energy release) than a 5.8 magnitude. Vibrations are similar to those caused by the passing of light trucks. (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). You may want to check this video from Pacific Tsunami Warning Center illustrating the incredible differences between different historical earthquakes. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. Many factors affect surface ground motion, including topography and near-surface geology, especially soft surface sediments. Bridges destroyed. the measurement of the maximum motion recorded by a seismograph. www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_natdis_lesson03_activity3, Search curriculum by Common Core standards, Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tornadoes & More. The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity. Learn how to calculate the duty cycle of a periodic system with Omni's duty cycle calculator: insert what you know, and we'll do the math! It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. WebThe most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than the magnitude because intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. For further information visit http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/shake/. Google Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations The most important rules to remember are drop, cover, and hold on: Drop to the ground onto your hands and knees. Persons walk unsteadily. Few structures standing. However, it is recognized that there is a significant level of uncertainty in estimating ground motions (i.e., PGA) from the existing isoseismal maps by this process. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 46, 317-320. Small objects moved. Neumann, F. (1954) Earthquake intensity and related ground motion. The one currently used in Wholesale destruction. Weak chimneys broken at roof line. ]sgJ;oYQqmt|Wg4n^~9s 790 E. Kirkwood Avenue ", 8. Thelowernumbers of the intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. be found on pg. Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B. This study, therefore, used the PGA to calibrate with the obtained macroseismic intensity data. to Present (1979). Waves on ponds; water turbid with mud. Large landslides. (1956) A comparison of earthquake accelerations with intensity ratings. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date]. The Mercalli Scale uses human observation to assess damage from an earthquake, while a Students learn about the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes.copyrightCopyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. Weak masonry destroyed; ordinary masonry heavily damaged, sometimes with complete collapse; reinforced masonry seriously damaged. Play with the tool to contemplate and admire Mother Earth's natural strength, or scroll down to read about the most powerful earthquakes the world has ever seen. This scale is composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity based Pendulum clocks may stop. Objects thrown up into air. On this scale, intensities up to 5 are felt but cause no damage, while intensities from 6 to 12 cause increasing amounts of damage. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Department of Mineral Resources (2006) Macroseismic investigation in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. Catalog of Significant Earthquakes 2000 B.C. Global Significant Earthquake Database. endobj Practically for each MMI level, there is more than one value or the source-to-site-distances (i.e., the MMI boundary is not a perfect circle), and consequently the average distance was used. This is a public event. In case of no shelter, hold on to your head and neck with both arms and hands. OFFICE OF RESEARCH With improved engineering technology to predict the size and force of earthquakes, cities and communities have more time to prepare themselves from harm. ;f:3+f*yZReIxRu3V>5?}k~&K7/E*y Felt indoors. ", 12. Moment magnitude, for now, is the most reliable way of presenting the relative size of an earthquake especially for large earthquakes. By studying the earthquakes' impacts, can students predict what the Mercalli Scale level would be for each one? The number of earthquake recording stations is, therefore, low and as a result the earthquake impactions are usually observed in macroseismic intensity and reported manually in terms of isoseismal maps. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date], NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, 2100 BC to Present, NCEI/WDS Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database, 4360 BC to Present, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931, Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS They make a model of a seismographa measuring device that records an earthquake on a seismogram. Units serve as guides to a particular content or subject area. Earthquake templates. Landslides. Modified Mercallit (MM) Scale Primary wave (P wave) Richter, Charles Francis (19001985) Secondary wave (S wave) Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards Tectonic Tremor Bibliography Arias, A., 1970. Slight to moderate damage in well built, ordinary structures. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931, in which intensity is considered to be more suitably graded. It's actually a much broader term. Global Significant Earthquake Database. Pendulum clocks stop, start, change rate. WebThe above documentation is transcluded from Template:MMI/doc. After that, on 5th May 1930, a Mw-7.3 earthquake occurred again in southern Myanmar, generating a maximum MMI level of IX. Freeman, San Francisco, 768. Today, we are going to look at the Mercalli Scale's damage rating and create a booklet to help inform citizens of potential danger. These are briefly detailed as follows. $1 million or more), magnitude 7.5 or greater, Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) X Rails bent greatly. Pictures fall off walls. Other intensity scales are used in some countries. and Fumal, T.E. Did You Feel It? Testing Model Villages in Big Waves, Seismic Waves: How Earthquakes Move Through the Earth. Some damage to reinforced masonry; none to reinforced masonry designed to resist lateral forces. Rails bent slightly, Near total damage. Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. Difficult to stand. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Theodulides, N.P. the Mercalli Scale (From Walker, 1982). However, because of the many unsymmetrical geologic factors influencing intensity, the curves are often far from circular. Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. Nowadays, the moment magnitude scale is the most commonly used system. it is valuable in, evaluating ground shaking in modern quakes. Some heavy furniture moved, some plaster falls. Then drop, cover, and hold on, as objects may be thrown at you from the side. That's because the first approximations are based on body-wave and surface-wave scales, as the calculation of the moment magnitude is more complicated. Medvedev, S.V. Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. 812-855-5809. The other thing you can do with this tool is to compare two magnitudes. The database is now updated regularly from sources such as U.S. Home | About SCIRP | Sitemap | Contact Us. to as its intensity. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Waves seen on ground. Besides the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone in the western part, Myanmar also has own great strike-slip active faults called the Sagiang Fault Zone [2]. Refer to the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale page on the US Geological WebStep 1 Type the name of the city and the state of the hypothetical earthquake, and then click "Center". A fun and Intensity. Small bells ring (church, school). Learn how the Richter scale measures magnitude and the Mercalli scale measures intensity of an earthquake. This is a web site through which Cracks in wet ground and on steep slopes. exist. Both of these were generated by the Ranong [9] and Mae Tha [11] Fault Zones, which represent the MMI characteristics in the southern and eastern part of Myanmar, respectively. 0338326. Note that the scale is based on vibration experienced at a particular site. Tell students to label and illustrate the cover. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed. Students learn about the types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes and how they move through the Earth. 5), Represent and interpret data. WebABBREVIATED MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE; REFLECTION QUESTIONS; Contributors and Attributions; Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of earthquakes. The magnitude does not depend on where the measurement is made. Therefore, the seismic building code of Myanmar should be modified in order to reduce future hazards arising from earthquakes. severe damage to poorly built structures. III. Lead a brief discussion around the topic of the Mercalli Scale, as described above. Teachers Association. In some cases, instrumental data verify this calculation, but not infrequently the true epicentre lies outside the area of greatest intensity. The Mercalli scale is particularly useful for comparing modern earthquakes with those that occurred before the era of seismographic recording (i.e., prior to 1900)-and for providing estimates of earthquake location, focal depth, and magnitude for these early events. Gebrder Borntr- ger, Berlin. Biloxi, MS: "No damage was reported from last night's slight tremor, though chandeliers in a few of the city's old mansions swayed slightly. of Commerce, Under development - data is currently in the process of being created. Make sure you understandEarthquake! 1 0 obj Secure .gov websites use HTTPS and Wenbin, S. (2010) Seismic hazard maps of Yangon and its surrounding areas. The MSK scale is the most recent, has 12 values that approximate but are not the same the Modified Mercalli values, and is used extensively in Europe.Intensity values can be correlated with other measures of ground motion, such as displacement, velocity and acceleration. Charles Richter developed the logarithmic scale in 1935 to compare local earthquakes the ones in southern California with an epicenter of up to 370 miles (600 km) from the seismograph. Brown, J.C. and Leicester, P. (1933) The Pyu earthquake of 3rd and 4th December, 1930 and subsequent Burma earthquakes up to January 1932. Cut all necessary paper needed for the class activity. %ylLo.l,2OF$ZyM37M;I!G1/iDeQzVcW8 LrX5jQgAuFov0h{5Nf~B!V*F_`xsT` >,t2}2\PP'Xs5Z:o#W'NTYkGYx+@-{$o_G+XTP7~YF0es FD LBh6_-';mZL'}A%opo &tlUW49"p@ 'V~uR731k]WAErtJ0PeQU7U'M[.mU|mj^uGi}ad>`DRBT>}^Zj# Often, several slightly different magnitudes are reported for an earthquake. Trees and poles Modified Mercalli scale of earthquake intensity, Observation and interpretation of precursory phenomena, Exploration of the Earths interior with seismic waves, 6 of the Worlds Deadliest Natural Disasters. If you're interested in the latest earthquakes in your region or only the most recent earthquakes (as they are happening all the time! Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 13, 1-147. the maps scale of 100 km = 2.1 cm on your ruler, so if you had a measured distance from one station of Tell students to draw a picture having to do with an earthquake or the Mercalli Scale. In this study, all macroseismic intensity data are taken from previous publications of isoseismal maps ranked with respect to the MMI scale. the United States is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale References, Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or otherwise favourably placed to sense tremors. From the result of this regression (Figure 2), it appears that there is a slight trend of MMI to be a linear function in relationship to the, which can represented by Equation (2) with a standard deviation of 0.33. where PGA is the peak ground acceleration (cm/s2) and MMI is the level of macroseismic intensity in terms of MMI scale. Figure 1. During 1929-1930 AD, there were five earthquakes within the magnitude of range 7.0 - 7.3 Richter that occurred in the Myanmar region.