Ballistic projectiles. The ranges of pyroclasts ejected in transient volcanic explosions. Usu, Japan eruption, d Damage to the environment illustrated by a 4.4m wide crater from the August 2012 Upper Te Maari, Tongariro eruption, e Damage to a hiking hut from 2012 Upper Te Maari ballistics (Photo credit Nick Kennedy). At low levels the wind pattern is ____________. We identify the following critical issues for contemporary and future communication of volcanic ballistic risk, based on our review of literature and analysis of the four case study volcanoes. Map design should also take into account the effect of map properties on communication (understanding/comprehension) such asdata classification, basemap or image, colour scheme(e.g. Ballistic Projectiles. GNS Science Report 2012/09, 90p, Williams KL, Keys HJR (2013) Reducing volcanic risk on the Tongariro Alpine Crossing. In collaboration with researchers from the USGS Volcano Hazards Program, the Hazards . Accessed Feb 2015, GNS Science (2007) Volcanic hazards at Tongariro. Though work has been completed on ballistic hazard (e.g., mapping deposits, better understanding eruption dynamics and the factors that influence ballistic distribution, recording particle velocities, the creation and use of ballistic trajectory models, and the production of hazard maps either focussed solely on ballistics or as an aspect of a multi-hazard map), very little has been focussed on the management of ballistic risk, leaving a large knowledge gap and a need for research in this area. Conversely, renewed volcanic activity, especially when unexpected, urgently demands rapid hazard assessments which may, as a result, be too simplistic, overly conservative or lacking sufficient detail to be considered complete. Meetings should be sufficiently regular to update residents when the status of a volcano is changing and to remind them when necessary of the hazards and risks. 2014). We note many of these issues transcend volcanic ballistics to include nearly all volcano types and volcanic hazards: What is the most effective way to manage and communicate risk from volcanoes which are (highly) visited and/or settled which experience eruptions with very short and/or no meaningful warnings (e.g. 2016) and August 2012 Te Maari eruptions (Breard et al. clothes over the mouth and nose because tephra can contain harmful 2012), number of ballistic impacts per unit area (Gurioli et al. The atmospheric trajectories of pyroclasts. human lungs, industrial machines, and nuclear power plants, and (4) The vast majority of people are guided up the volcano by local guides to watch the eruptions occur, with a main viewing area only 150m from the craters inner rim. Consist of bombs, blocks, and lapilli. Ballistic impacts on a glacier cause punctual melting of snow and ice. Tephra falls and Ballistic Projectiles formed on Land. This was distributed to the media (print, television, web and radio) to inform a wider audience (Leonard et al. Organisational and governance frameworks to allow and facilitate this seem to be highly variable globally, but some relatively successful examples do exist (e.g. (2014) for Kanlaon and Fogo volcanoes (Philippines and Cape Verde, respectively) using estimates of energy required to penetrate roof materials by Blong (1981) and Pomonis et al. gases adsorbed on the particles as acid aerosols and salt particles. the building of ballistic shelters capable of withstanding ballistic impacts or the reinforcement of existing structures to specific building standards, and the choice of location for hiking trails, viewing platforms or other visitor facilities; the creation of well distributed hazard maps with instructional text with what to do or where to go in an event of an eruption; and engagement with the local communities including exercises and evaluation (Fig. Search and Rescue teams were deployed to rescue the injured hikers and those that sheltered in the buildings at the summit, and to recover the dead. Volcanic explosions can propel rock fragments on ballistic trajectories that may differ from the wind direction. The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards, http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/soumu/shichoshitu/kokusai/en/emergency/sakurajima.html, http://www.city.tarumizu.lg.jp/kikikanri/kurashi/bosai/bosai/taisaku/sakurajima.html, http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/fukuoka/506_Sakurajima/506_bousai.html, http://vivaweb2.bosai.go.jp/v-hazard/L_read/53ontakesan/53ontake_2h03-L.pdf, http://vivaweb2.bosai.go.jp/v-hazard/L_read/53ontakesan/53ontake_2h01-L.pdf, http://www.pref.nagano.lg.jp/kisochi/kisochi-seisaku/ontakesan/kazanbousaikyougikai.html, http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/English/tourism/mountain/, http://www.city.gero.lg.jp/hazardmap/#12/35.9073/137.5203, http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/central-north-island/places/tongariro-national-park/know-before-you-go/volcanic-risk-in-tongariro-national-park/, http://www.geotimes.org/apr04/feature_VPI.html, https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Act_Vol/sakurajima/text/eng/exp01-5e.html, http://info.geonet.org.nz/download/attachments/8585571/Tongariro_Poster_A4.pdf, http://info.geonet.org.nz/download/attachments/8585571/Northern_Tongariro_eruption_phenomena.pdf, http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/tokyo/STOCK/souran_eng/souran.htm#kantotyubu, http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/soumu/shichoshitu/kokusai/en/emergency/documents/sakurazimahm_eng.pdf, http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20141010k0000m040138000c.html, http://www.bousai.go.jp/kazan/fujisan-kyougikai/report/, http://www.nhk.or.jp/d-navi/link/ontake2014-en/index.html, http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=283040, http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0001671312, http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0001673442, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/09/27/national/familiesontakevictimsmarkfirstanniversarydeadlyeruption/#.VxRfHDB942w, http://www.unisdr.org/eng/terminology/terminology-2009-eng.html, http://www.geohazards.gov.vu/index.php/hazards-updated-events/volcano-alert-status, http://www.geohazards.gov.vu/index.php/geophysical-monitoring-network/vanuatu-monitoring-network, Rights and 2014). Nonetheless, even a short warning time may have provided more hikers time to get to shelter. Ballistic communication methods used at volcanoes include hazard and risk assessments, hazard maps, volcano monitoring and research, real-time warning systems, volcanic alert levels; volcano warnings, alert bulletins and communication with agencies; response exercises, education materials, response plans, exclusion and evacuation zones, instructions and signage for what to do in the event of an eruption around the volcano, community engagement, educational materials, and land-use planning and infrastructure design. This report (1) explains the various types of hazardous geologic phenomena that could occur at Mount Rainier, (2 . . Assessments are ideally probabilistic, providing spatially varying probabilities of occurrence and damage from a range of scenarios varying in frequency and magnitude, and accounting for model and input parameter uncertainty. Debris avalanches, lahars, and floods commonly accompany eruptions, but can also occur during dormant periods. 2014a). Effective ballistic risk assessment requires greater understanding of (a) the distribution of ballistic from a range of potential eruption styles, (b) the impact of ballistics to people and other societal assets (vulnerability/fragility characteristics), and (c) identification and (crucially) evaluation of what are the most appropriate mitigation actions to reduce ballistic risks before, during and after an eruption. Ballistics are usually represented by one hazard zone, often based on the maximum or expected travel distance of a ballistic clast. Ballistics are fragments of lava (bombs) or rock (blocks) ejected in explosive eruptions (Fig. Unrest was observed at the volcano up to three weeks before the eruption, initially in the form of increased seismicity and then increased magmatic gas content (Jolly et al. 2010). J Volcanol Geoth Res 100(14):479502, Tsunematsu K, Ishimine Y, Kaneko T, Yoshimoto M, Fujii T, Yamaoka K (2016) Estimation of ballistic block landing energy during 2014 Mount Ontake eruption. Please check the 'Copyright Information' section either on this page or in the PDF What do we learn from 9.27? Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles - refers to volcanic rock and lava materials that are ejected into the air by explosions or carried upward by the eruption column's hot gases or lava fountains. information centres, tourism businesses, hotels, backpackers accommodation, transport operators), and on relevant websites such as volcano observatories and those charged with managing natural hazards. Zonation is generally used as a means to distinguish areas of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk (Sparks et al. Users must be able to trust the source of the information being released as well as how and what is presented (Slovic 2000; Haynes et al. Department of Conservation Tongariro District, 36p, Wilson L (1972) Explosive volcanic eruptions II. J Volcanol Geoth Res 286:263276, Shinano Mainichi Shimbun (2015) Verification of Mount Ontake eruptionliving with a volcano. Within this two-month period an updated hazard and risk assessment was completed (Jolly et al. died at Chichnal Volcano in southern Mexico in 1982 from pyroclastic Volcanologists also refer to airborne fragments as pyroclasts.Once clasts have fallen to the ground, they remain as tephra unless hot enough to fuse into pyroclastic rock or tuff. What is tephra falls and ballistic projectiles? - Letters and Science Academic Press, Orlando, Blong RJ (1996) Volcanic hazards risk assessment. What would anexplosive eruptionfrom Mount St. Helens look like today? Many visitors to the TAC still assume that they do not need to be concerned because they expect the area to be closed if it is unsafe or to be advised it was unsafe (Keys 2015). This is, in part, because the public require concise, easily comprehensible information, rather than being distracted or overloaded with specifics of individual hazards (Haynes et al. In November 2015, a new hazard map was released by the Ontakesan Volcano Disaster Prevention Council (the combined commission mentioned previously). b. The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards. EGU General Assembly 2015, 1217 Apr 2015, Vienna, Austria, Oikawa T, Yoshimoto M, Nakada S, Maeno F, Komori J, Shimano T, Takeshita Y, Ishizuka Y, Ishimine Y (2016) Reconstruction of the 2014 eruption sequence of Ontake Volcano from recorded images and interviews. This way the information would be reinforced with visits to different volcanoes and increase the likelihood of visitors acting correctly. 2014). However, a scenario with fatalities on the scale seen at Ontake is unlikely from Sakurajima due to the 2km restriction zone. Those that sheltered in the buildings around the summit survived the 2014 eruption, while many of the fatalities occurred due to hikers choosing to take photos and video of the eruption outside instead of running to the nearest hut. What are the most appropriate risk management and communication strategies for volcanoes where ballistic (and other) risk is present which have poorly understood eruptive histories and/or monitoring systems? Ontake, in an effort to improve knowledge of the number and location of people on the mountain, and to improve communication in times of crisis by recording their emergency contact information (http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/English/tourism/mountain/). Correspondence to Accessed 28 Jun 2016, Murphy PE, Bayley R (1989) Tourism and disaster planning. In this scenario volcanic alert levels and bulletins may not be released prior to eruption. The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards hazards research The May 18, 1980 tephra plume lasted for about eight hours and the plume top ranged from 14-18 km (8.5-11 mi) high. Neglect all losses. Volcanic alert levels (VALs) and bulletins are posted on the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD) website when the behaviour of the volcano changes. b Signs advising area of increased hazard including a track-specific AVHZ hazard map. Fuji on past ballistic distributions from phreatic and magmatic eruptions in Japan and around the world (Mount Fuji Disaster Prevention Council 2004). 2001; Twigg 2002; Gregg et al. Longer periods of precursory activity allow time for warnings to be issued. J Volcanol Geoth Res 286:248262, Fudali R, Melson W (1972) Ejecta velocities, magma chamber pressure and kinetic energy associated with the 1968 eruption of Arenal volcano. 1999, 2000; Paton et al. What is the total mechanical energy of this atom? A reinforced public shelter and wardens quarters was one option being considered to replace the damaged Ketetahi Hut. 2016). Tephra falls and ballistic projectiles formed on land - Course Hero The event-specific hazard maps are generally shared around the various media outlets (e.g., television, radio, newspapers, Facebook, Twitter) to inform the public of the updated hazard, as well as through the usual means of communication. (2016) describe an elongated distribution toward the N-NE resulting from an inclined ejection and topographic controls such as the shape of the valley the vents formed in. Mapped deposits from past eruptions are often not symmetrical around the vent, reflecting this directionality (Minakami 1942; Fudali and Melson 1972; Steinberg and Lorenz 1983; Kilgour et al. However, it is imperative to think of the risk context when making these decisions, as every situation is different. This equally applies to volcanoes at which ballistics are/are not the main hazard. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. 2012). It provides two ballistic hazard zonesone for a phreatic eruption that extends 2km from the vent area, and one for a larger magmatic eruption, extending 4km from the vent area (http://www.city.gero.lg.jp/hazardmap/#12/35.9073/137.5203). 2013; Kaneko et al. Many people and This included sheltering behind large rocks, placing backpacks on heads, and wearing hard hats provided inside the mountain huts (NHK 2015). To learn more aboutashandtephra, visit theVolcano Hazards Program tephra webpage. 2014; Fig. J Volcanol Geoth Res 286:348366, Maeno F, Nakada S, Nagai M, Kozono T (2013) Ballistic ejecta and eruption condition of the vulcanian explosion of Shinmoedake volcano, Kyushu, Japan on 1 February, 2011. 5.4 and 5.5: Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles & Lahars - Quizlet Probabilities were re-assessed every week immediately after eruption, which was subsequently extended to every month, then every three months as time passed. - Mix of broken glass and pulverized rock, 2-64 mm diam. density currents. For this to occur, testing of suggested actions would be required to ensure that the safest and most successful measures are being advised. All end-user maps should successfully balance adequate detail and maximum clarity. Pele's Hair ; Ei, wgtkr-recb kruptejis, tbk gccrkteji jn wkt gsb fgy njrf rjuioko spbkrks `ijwi, Nrgdfkits 9>? 2014). 2014). Ballistic hazard maps are rare as they are typically not the only hazard produced in an eruption. An assessment for a frequently erupting, highly visited volcano where risk management organisations are well resourced will require a different approach compared with an infrequently active, rarely visited volcano in a country where there are few resources available for risk management. Generally, the distance travelled and the total area impacted by ballistics increases with increasing explosivity, i.e. For ballistics, impacts may be death or injury; impact locations are usually within 5km of the vent; and advice may include if ballistics are landing around you, move out of their oncoming path, seek shelter and make yourself a small target. Advice on actions to be taken may vary at different volcanoes, although it would be beneficial if messages are consistent across all volcanoes to reinforce actions and increase the likelihood of people following the correct actions. Geomorphic changes, Section 5.4 : Tephra Falls and Basaltic Proje, Chapter 8: mental health and well -being in m, Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens. Fallout deposits are usually well-sorted (e.g., they are made up of particles that are roughly the same size) and commonly may show layering or be bedded. 2014b). Ontake, Japan (Table2). death, injury, damage (Fitzgerald et al. 2012; Wardman et al. tourism providers and those living near or on the volcano) (Cronin et al. J Appl Volcanol 3:10, Yamagishi H, Feebrey C (1994) Ballistic ejecta from the 19881989 andesitic Vulcanian eruptions of Tokachidake volcano, Japan: morphological features and genesis. (<2mm) Coarser lapilli. tephra fall or ashfall and ballistic projectiles Tephra (fragmented volcanic particles) or ash (fragmented volcanic particles less than 2 mm in diameter) propelled through the atmosphere in an eruption plume or an eruption column eventually fall or gravitationally settle over areas downwind of an erupting volcano, forming blankets of tephra . https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2016_35, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11157_2016_35, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). With declining risk of further eruption (based on the trend of the eruption probability estimates made by GNS to estimate how the expert elicitation might evolve over time), the track was fully opened 5 months after the 21 November eruption. The densest zone (A) encompasses areas with impact densities >10 impacts per 55m, decreasing in density with distance from the vent to Zone C which has between 0 and 2 impacts per 55m. We identify from review of literature and analysis of the four case study volcanoes (Table2) that understanding the risk context is highly important for effective communication associated with ballistic hazard and risk. Geol Soc Am Bull 112:720726, Jolly AD, Jousset P, Lyons JJ, Carniel R, Fournier N, Fry B, Miller C (2014a) Seismo-acoustic evidence for an avalanche driven phreatic eruption through a beheaded hydrothermal system: An example from the 2012 Tongariro eruption. Here, we review the research to date on ballistic distributions, impacts, hazard and risk assessments and maps, and methods of communicating and managing ballistic risk including how these change with a changing risk environment. Tephra falls do pose a risk to lives; however, pyroclastic flows are the chief cause . And the 2007 eruption was preceded by inflation and seismicity for three months, accompanied by increasing fumarolic activity the week prior (Japan Meteorological Agency 2013a). Geophysica, 317330, Pomonis A, Spence R, Baxter P (1999) Risk assessment of residential buildings for an eruption of Furnas Volcano, Sao Miguel, the Azores. change rainfall/runoff relationships. Springer, Netherlands, pp 425426, Nairn IA, Self S (1978) Explosive eruptions and pyroclastic avalanches from Ngauruhoe in February 1975. At what radius, in nm\mathrm{nm}nm, would the electron orbiting the proton in a hydrogen atom emit light with a wavelength of 600nm600 \mathrm{~nm}600nm ? 2002; Mount Fuji Disaster Prevention Council 2004; Kagoshima City 2010; Leonard et al. A month of seismicity was noted prior to the 1991 eruption, increasing in frequency just days before the event. Mt. Another ongoing challenge in communicating ballistic hazard is the lack of warning time associated with events that have little precursory activity, in which ballistics are typically one of the main hazards. Boulder, p. 13, Minakami T (1942) 5. Accessed 18 Apr 2016, Thompson MA, Lindsay JM, Gaillard JC (2015) The influence of probabilistic volcanic hazard map properties on hazard communication. _______________________________________________________________________. Springer, Netherlands, pp 110112, Sparks RSJ, Aspinall WP, Crosweller HS, Hincks TK (2013) Risk and uncertainty assessment of volcanic hazards. Three other notable risk communication and mitigation measures have been implemented at Sakurajima. Its deposits are derived from Plinian eruptions like the type which occured in 1991 eruption of Pinatubo. 2014). Lahar deposits formed from hyperconcentrated streamflows. These volcanoes have been chosen for their variation in: frequency of eruption (Sakurajima and Yasur frequently erupt, while Upper Te Maari and Mt. _____________________________________________________________________. How far projectiles go from the vent partly depends on the size of ejected fragments. _kpbrg nglls gio hgllestec prjakctelks cgi hk clgsseneko gccjroeid tj sezk, gppkgrgick, <8 ff ei oegfktkr0 fex jn hrj`ki dlgss gio pulvkrezko rjc`, 8 tj >? Their exit velocities can reach hundreds of metres per second and land up to ~10km from the vent, although typically within five kilometres (Blong 1984; Alatorre-Ibargengoitia et al. t0=gh4d. A smaller eruption followed on 21 November 2012, though ballistics and pyroclastic surges were confined to within a well posted risk management zone 1km from the vent and did not affect the TAC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Steinberg G, Lorenz V (1983) External ballistic of volcanic explosions. - derived from fresh magma. from lack of oxygen. They should be constantly refined and improved as new information becomes available. 2008). RHF is also supported by a doctoral scholarship from the Ngi Tahu Research Centre. The hazard map also includes societal components such as important landmarks i.e. The hydrothermal eruption produced multiple pyroclastic surges, an ~8km high ash plume and ejected thousands of ballistic blocks (Fitzgerald et al. Meetings and other discussions were held with the local residents and businesses involved with the TAC to discuss the situation and future scenarios. The 27 September 2014 phreatic eruption occurred at lunchtime on a busy autumn day when ~340 hikers were on the mountain (Tsunematsu et al. 2001; Hadisantono et al. 2007). 2008; Bird et al. A volcano in Indonesia and is known as the volcano with biggest eruption in history. J Volcanol Geoth Res 77:325338, Becker JS, Saunders WSA, Robertson CM, Leonard GS, Johnston DM (2010) A synthesis of challenges and opportunitiesfor reducing volcanic risk throughland use planning in New Zealand. Hint: Start with the highest power of x and work down in finding the correct combination. 1998; Maeno et al. An updated risk management framework has been developed from 2012 to 2016 including updated bulletins and VALs, background and safety (crisis) hazard maps, and tourist information including education and safety map information. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Potential hazards posed by U.S. volcanoes include tephra falls, pyroclastic flows and surges, VOG, ballistic projectiles, lahar and lava flows. J Volcanol Geoth Res 286:208232, Lindell MK (2013) Risk perception and communication. please contact the Rights and The distribution (distance from vent, direction, area and density) of ejected ballistics is controlled by the explosivity, type, size and direction of explosive eruptions, and usually creates spatially variable deposits (Gurioli et al. Tephra cushioning of ballistic impacts: Quantifying building Ballistics (called cinders) are additionally listed on the site as a possible volcanic hazard accompanied by a description, particle size and travel distance. An English version of the map is available in addition to the original in Japanese. Fallout deposits are usually thicker closer to the eruptive vent, and grain size is . Additionally, the map identifies nearby towns and roads exposed to ballistic hazard. The TAC hiking track cuts through most of the summit hazard zones, where access has been open at background levels. Eruption frequency and magnitude, the extent of past ballistic distributions, and modelling of possible future trajectories were not investigated. J Volcanol Geoth Res 149(12):160175, Christiansen RL (1980) Eruption of Mount St. Helensvolcanology. Observing the Volcano World pp 121147Cite as, 8 2014; Tsunematsu et al. They often rely on tourism operators/employees/guides to inform them of volcanic hazards and the correct actions to take in an eruption (Leonard et al. Additionally, all of these volcanoes are relatively accessible and attract large numbers of tourists each year. Deadly effects include asphyxiation, burial, Most volcanic gases are noxious and smell bad, but they Hazard and risk assessments are useful starting points for all communication and management strategies as the nature, extent and consequences of the hazard need to be understood prior to any decisions being made. Tephra falls. As it is frequently erupting, it is assumed that visitors accept the risk that they are entering into an active volcanic hazard zone. Ashfalloutcaused major problems in communities up to 600 km (370 mi) away. nglls cjitgei tjxec dgsks, gceos, sglts, gio cbkfecgls. Ash. Ash and Tephra Fall Hazards at Mount St. Helens An effective hazard map for the public contains clear information on what are the consequences of the hazard(s), where they occur, and what to do (Leonard et al. How Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles Are Dispersed or Hazard Zoning. Kiso, a town in the Nagano Prefecture responsible for one of the mountain trails, has also installed loudspeakers in the mountain cabins prior to easing restrictions in September 2015 (The Japan Times 27/09/2015). Volcano hazards - SlideShare Huregl hy tkpbrg cgi cjllgpsk rjjns jn hueloeids, hrkg` pjwkr gio cjffuiecgteji, (;) Kvki tbei (<8 cf) nglls jn gsb cgi ogfgdk sucb cretecgl ngceleteks gs bjspetgls, klkctec-, dkikrgteid plgits, pufpeid stgtejis, stjrf skwkrs gio surngck-orgeigdk systkfs gio, skwgdk trkgtfkit plgits, gio sbjrt cercuet klkctrec-trgisfesseji ngceleteks, tklkpbjik. J Volcanol Geoth Res 191(12):114, Leonard GS, Johnston DM, Paton D, Christianson A, Becker J, Keys H (2008) Developing effective warning systems: ongoing research at Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand. The bottom of the channel drops over a short length a distance of 3ft3~\mathrm{ft}3ft. Tephra Fall Is a Widespread Volcanic Hazard - USGS However, ballistic hazard mapping during a crisis can be limited by access restrictions due to the possibility of further eruptions, though as time progresses more detailed mapping is able to be completed (Fitzgerald et al. Volcanoes in a state of quiescence allow for (and call for) more in-depth, preferably probabilistic, assessment to be completed, ideally following the steps outlined earlier. Haynes et al. The maximum travel distance of ballistic projectiles from each scenario (based on field and model distributions) is then used to define the extent of the hazard zones. Ballistics are fragments of lava (bombs) or rock (blocks) ejected in explosive eruptions (Fig. Environ Hazards 3:93109, Smithsonian Institution (2013) Ontakesan bulletin reports, Global Volcanism Program. Alatorre-Ibargengoitia et al. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.02.030, Twigg J (2002) The human factor in early warnings: risk perception and appropriate communications. mitigation of tephra falls and ballistic projectiles - stay away from ballistic projectiles - design a strong shelter - covering windows. Following the 1979 eruption of Mt. Yasur is visited by much fewer tourists than Ontake so it is unlikely to see as many fatalities from one event as occurred at Ontake, although the lack of shelter, lack of hazard advice, and proximity to the vent means that ballistic casualties are still relatively likely at this volcano. 2014; Fitzgerald et al. Geophys J Int 113:359370, Fitzgerald RH, Tsunematsu K, Kennedy BM, Breard ECP, Lube G, Wilson TM, Jolly AD, Pawson J, Rosenberg MD, Cronin SJ (2014) The application of a calibrated 3D ballistic trajectory model to ballistic hazard assessments at Upper Te Maari, Tongariro. Another frequently active volcano in which ballistics are a major hazard is Sakurajima Volcano, Japan.